Carl Jung And Sigmund Freud English Literature Essay

Carl Jung And Sigmund Freud English Literature Essay The relationship between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud began in 1906 when Jung sent Freud a signed copy of his published studies.   Unknown to Jung, Freud had already purchased his own copy of the book after hearing how favorably his name figured into the writings.   Six months later, Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zà ¼rich.   These professional gestures began a series of meetings and correspondences between the two men that lasted for six years.   The first conversation between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud lasted for over 13 hours.  This marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration between these two men which lasted for 7years. Freud, who was already a famous psychologist, saw this young, outspoken person as a sort of protà ©gà ©.   Freud soon became a father figure to Jung.   In one of the correspondences, Freud referred to Jung as, The Joshua to my Moses, fated to enter the Promised Land which I myself will not live to see.   Again and again he speaks of Jung as his heir, once as my successor and crown prince, and even as spirit of my spirit. In 1908, Jung became editor of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research.   The subsequent year, Jung and Freud traveled to the U.S., introducing psychoanalysis by means of their Fordham Lectures.  They spent about 3 months touring America. This was the most intimate time of their friendship. They had several conversations , conversations which brought forth ideological differences between the two. Jungs major disagreement with Freud stalked from their conflicting concepts of the unconscious.   Jung saw Freuds theory of the unconscious as imperfect and pointlessly negative.   According to Jung, Freud considered the unconscious solely as a storehouse of subdued emotions and desires.   At the same time Jung did agree with Freuds model of the unconscious, as Jung called the personal unconscious, but he also projected the existence of far deeper form of the unconscious, which underlies the personal one. He called it the collective unconscious where the archetypes themselves resided. This relationship and collaboration began to deteriorate as the years went on. While Freud thought of Jung as the most innovative person and his successor, he was unhappy with Jungs difference with some of the basic doctrine of Freudian theory. For example, Jung believed that Freud was too focused on sexuality as a motivating force. He also felt that Freuds concept of the unconscious was limited and overly negative. Jung argued that the unconscious could also be a source of creativity. Carl also disagreed with Freuds view that all complexes come from sexual trauma, because he had experience with psychological problem that had different origins.   Freud also did not agree with Carls views about spiritualism and parapsychology.   According to Jung, the first real crisis in their friendship came in spring 1909. Jung visited Freud in Vienna and asked his opinion on precognition and parapsychology. But Freud was too selfish and discarded this matter in a way that upset Jung. Jung speaks about a strange thing which happened at the same time. As Freud was leaving, Jung heard a very loud crack which came from the bookcase next to them, this he spoke of as an example of paranormal phenomenon, which was discarded by Freud immediately. Immediately Jung predicted that in a moment there would be another loud noise, and yes indeed there came a second loud crack from the bookcase. Freud was puzzled but this incident hoisted his mistrust towards Jung. The next crisis in their friendship came in 1910, when Freud was trying to make his sexual theory a code of belief against occultism.   According to Carl Jung, this had nothing to do with scientific judgment, but only with Freuds ambition and past.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite their difference they continued to work together until 1912.   It is believed that the break in their friendship came by Jungs publication of Symbols of Transformation, which is full of mythological symbols.   Freud dismissed Jungs interest in religion and myths as being unscientific.   This rejection embittered Jung toward his mentor.   Carl, for reasons not known instigated a rumor that a romantic relationship may have developed between Freud and his sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, who had moved into Freuds apartment.   He suggested that the affair resulted in a pregnancy and a subsequent abortion for Miss Bernays.   Freud met Jungs antagonism with increasing detachment.  Ã‚   Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying a visit to Jung in nearby Zà ¼rich.   Jung felt severely slighted by this incident, which he referred to as the Kreuzlingen gesture.    The final letter written from Sigmund Freud to Carl Jung read, Your allegation that I treat my followers as patients is demonstrably untrue. . . . It is a convention among us analysts that none of us need feel ashamed of his own neurosis. But one [meaning Jung] who while behaving abnormally keeps shouting that he is normal gives ground for the suspicion that he lacks insight into his illness. Accordingly, I propose that we abandon our personal relations entirely.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -Sigmund Freud, 1912 In 1912, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung met in Munich among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals.  Freud was overcome by a sudden fainting spell At Jungs talk about his new psychoanalytic essay on Amenhotep IV.   It is said that Jung picked-up Freud, and carried him to a nearby couch.   Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September of 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress, also in Munich.   Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introverted and the extraverted type, in analytical psychology.   This talk introduced of some of the key concepts which came to distinguish Jungs work from Freuds for the next half century After Freud Parting with Freud left Jung shattered to a great extent, he resigned from the International Psychoanalytic Congress in 1914. The rivalry growing between the two was clearly visible in the letters they exchanged. At one point, Jung sarcastically wrote, your technique of treating your pupils like patients is a blunder. In that way you produce either slavish sons or impudent puppies I am objective enough to see through your little trick (McGuire, 1974). Jung soon began an intensified self-analysis (an examination of oneself) in order to discover the mysteries of the unconscious psyche. From 1913 to 1921 Jung published three important papers: Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (1916, 1917) and Psychological Types (1921). The Two Essays provided the basic ideas from which his later work was developed. He described his research on psychological typology (the classification of personalities by studying their similarities and differences)-that there are two basic classifications, or two types of personalities, in the way they relate to the world: introversion and extroversion. Introversion, in which one has the characteristic of being self-involved, withdrawn, occupied with ones inner world. Extroversion, in which one relates to the world through social involvement and has interests outside of oneself and is outgoing. He expressed the idea that it is the personal equation which, often unconsciously but in agreement with ones own typolog y, influences how an individual observes and interacts with their world. Jungs main contribution was his discovery that mans fantasy life has a certain structure. There must be subtle active centers in the unconscious which control natural behavior and free imagination. These combine to form Jungs concept of archetypes. An individual will dream on impulse, and these dreams will have a theme or story similar to a fairy tale, or a myth, from a time long past, that are unknown to the person dreaming. To Jung this meant that archetypal symptoms (memories of experiences of people from the past that are present in every persons unconscious mind) belong to human beings of all ages and from all times; they are the expression of a collective body of mans basic psychic nature. Many neurotic sufferings have happened due to a feeling of self-estrangement (the alienation of oneself from oneself) because of mans creation of a logical framework and control of his dependence on these memories of experiences that exist in the unconscious. His first achievement was to differentiate two classes of people according to attitude types: extraverted (outward-looking) and introverted (inward-looking). Later he differentiated four functions of the mind-thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition-one or more of which predominate in any given person. Results of this study were embodied in Psychologische Typen (1921; Psychological Types, 1923). As a boy Jung had some weird powerful fantasies or dreams that had developed in intensity through the years. After his break with Freud, during self analysis he deliberately allowed this aspect of himself to function again and studied the experience and responses scientifically by keeping detailed notes of the same. He later developed the theory that these experiences came from an area of the mind that he called the collective unconscious, which he held was shared by everyone. This much-contested conception was combined with a theory of archetypes that Jung held as fundamental to the study of the psychology of religion. In Jungs terms, archetypes are instinctive patterns, have a universal character, and are expressed in behaviour and images. In order to study in depth the archetypal patterns and processes, Jung visited so-called primitive tribes. He lived among the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1924 and 1925 and among the inhabitants of Mt. Elgon in Kenya during 1925 and 1926. He later visited Egypt and India. To Jung, the religious symbols and phenomenology (a system of beliefs developed by studying peoples understanding and awareness of themselves) of Buddhism and Hinduism and the teachings of Zen Buddhism and Confucianism all distinguished with respect to a mans experience to find a path to his inner world, a world which was badly neglected by Western civilization. Jung also searched for traditions in Western culture, which made up for its one-sided outgoing development toward reason and technology. He found these traditions in Gnosticism (belief that personal freedom comes through spiritual knowledge and understanding), Christian mysticism (the belief that instinct and spiritual feeling are the ways to find God), and, above all, occultism (knowledge or use of supernatural powers). Some of his major works are deep and clear psychological interpretations of alchemical (the ability and power to make common things special) writings, showing their living significance for understanding dreams and the hidden theme of neurotic and mental disorders. Inner development and growth of personality Jung was keen on the detailing of the stages of inner development and of the growth of the personality, which he termed the process of individuation. He said that its a strong impulse from the unconscious which guides the individual toward its most complete uniqueness. This description was the result of a lifelong task of trial and error and recognizing and connecting the contents of the unconscious. It consists in an ever-increasing self-knowledge and in becoming what you are. Character of his psychotherapy Jung devoted the rest of his life to developing his ideas, especially those on the relation between psychology and religion. In his view, obscure and often neglected texts of writers in the past shed unexpected light not only on Jungs own dreams and fantasies but also on those of his patients; he thought it necessary for the successful practice of their art that psychotherapists become familiar with writings of the old masters. Besides the development of new psychotherapeutic methods that derived from his own experience and the theories developed from them, Jung gave fresh importance to the so-called Hermetic tradition. He conceived that the Christian religion was part of a historic process necessary for the development of consciousness, and he also thought that the heretical movements, starting with Gnosticism and ending in alchemy, were manifestations of unconscious archetypal elements not adequately expressed in the mainstream forms of Christianity. He was particularly impressed with his finding that alchemical-like symbols could be found frequently in modern dreams and fantasies, and he thought that alchemists had constructed a kind of textbook of the collective unconscious. He expounded on this in 4 out of the 18 volumes that make up his Collected Works. His historical studies aided him in pioneering the psychotherapy of the middle-aged and elderly, especially those who felt their lives had lost meaning. He helped them to appreciate the place of their lives in the sequence of history. Most of these patients had lost their religious belief; Jung found that if they could discover their own myth as expressed in dream and imagination they would become more complete personalities. He called this process individuation. In later years he became professor of psychology at the Federal Polytechnical University in Zà ¼rich (1933-41) and professor of medical psychology at the University of Basel (1943). His personal experience, his continued psychotherapeutic practice, and his wide knowledge of history placed him in a unique position to comment on current events. As early as 1918 he had begun to think that Germany held a special position in Europe; the Nazi revolution was, therefore, highly significant for him, and he delivered a number of hotly contested views that led to his being wrongly branded as a Nazi sympathizer. Jung lived to the age of 85. The authoritative English collection of all Jungs published writings is Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler (eds.), The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, trans. by R.F.C. Hull, 20 vol., 2nd ed. (1966-79). Jungs The Psychology of the Unconscious appears in revised form as Symbols of Transformation in the Collected Works. His other major individual publications include ÃÅ"ber die Psychologie der Dementia Praecox (1907; The Psychology of Dementia Praecox); Versuch einer Darstellung der psychoanalytischen Theorie (1913; The Theory of Psychoanalysis); Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology (1916); Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (1928); Das Geheimnis der goldenen Blà ¼te (1929; The Secret of the Golden Flower); Modern Man in Search of a Soul (1933), a collection of essays covering topics from dream analysis and literature to the psychology of religion; Psychology and Religion (1938); Psychologie und Alchemie (1944; Psychology and Alchemy); and Aion: Untersuchungen zur Sy mbolgeschichte (1951; Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self). Jungs Erinnerungen, Trà ¤ume, Gedanken (1962; Memories, Dreams, Reflections) is fascinating semiautobiographical reading, partly written by Jung himself and partly recorded by his secretary. In 2009 the Red Book, a manuscript that Jung wrote during the years 1914-30, was published. It was, by Jungs own account, a record of his confrontation with the unconscious. Containing both his account of his imaginings, fantasies, and induced hallucinations and his own colour illustrations, The Red Book also includes an extensive introduction and a translation into English. Jung he had to give his psychological practice, writings and explorations up in 1944 due to a severe heart attack. Carl Jungs near-death experience In a hospital in Switzerland in 1944, the world-renowned psychiatrist Carl G. Jung, had a heart attack and then a near-death experience. His vivid encounter with the light, plus the intensely meaningful insights led Jung to conclude that his experience came from something real and eternal. Jungs experience is unique in that he saw the Earth from a vantage point of about a thousand miles above it. His incredibly accurate view of the Earth from outer space was described about two decades before astronauts in space first described it. Subsequently, as he reflected on life after death, Jung recalled the meditating Hindu from his near-death experience and read it as a parable of the archetypal Higher Self, the God-image within. Carl Jung, who founded analytical psychology, centered on the archetypes of the collective unconscious. The following is an excerpt from his autobiography entitled Memories, Dreams, Reflections describing his near-death experience I felt violent resistance to my doctor because he had brought me back to life.  At the same time, I was worried about him. His life is in danger, for heavens sake! He has appeared to me in his primal form! When anybody attains this form it means he is going to die, for already he belongs to the greater company. Suddenly the terrifying thought came to me that the doctor would have to die in my stead. I tried my best to talk to him about it, but he did not understand me. Then I became angry with him. In actual fact I was his last patient.  On April 4, 1944 I still remember the exact date I was allowed to sit up on the edge of my bed for the first time since the beginning of my illness, and on this same day the doctor took to his bed and did not leave it again.  I heard that he was having intermittent attacks of fever.  Soon afterward he died of septicernia. He was a good doctor; there was something of the genius about him. Otherwise he would not have appeared to me as an avatar of the temporal embodiment of the primal form. Women in Jungs life While traveling to the United States together in 1909, Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud passed the time by interpreting each others dreams. Fifty years later in Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung wrote about a dream he believed Freud was unable to accurately interpret. In the dream, Jung was living on the second floor of a two-story dwelling when he decided to explore the contents of the ground floor. On that level all the furniture and decorations were old, dating perhaps to the 15th or 16th century. After exploring that floor, Jung set about to explore the whole house. He found a stone stairway leading to the cellar where he discovered artifacts that dated to ancient Roman times. Descending even deeper, he came upon a dusty cave with scattered bones, broken pottery, and two human skulls. He then awoke. Jung later accepted this dream as evidence for different levels of the psyche. The upper floor had an inhabited atmosphere and represented consciousness, the top layer of the psyche. The ground floor was the first layer of the unconscious-old but not as alien or ancient as the Roman artifacts in the cellar, which symbolized a deeper layer of the personal unconscious. In the cave, Jung discovered remains of a primitive culture, that is, the world of the primitive man within myself-a world which can scarcely be reached or illuminated by consciousness (Jung, 1961, p. 160). After Jung described the dream, Freud became interested in the two skulls in the cave, but not as collective unconscious material. Instead, he insisted that Jung associate them to some wish. Who did Jung wish dead? Not yet completely trusting his own judgment, Jung answered, My wife and my sister-in-law-after all, I had to name someone whose death was worth the wishing! I was newly married at the time and knew perfectly well that there was nothing within myself which pointed to such wishes (Jung, 1961, pp. 159-160). Although Jungs interpretation of this dream may be more accurate than Freuds, it is quite possible that Jung did indeed wish for the death of his wife. At that time (1909), Jung was not newly married but had been married for nearly 7 years, and for the past 5 of those years he was deeply involved in a sexual relationship with a former patient named Sabina Spielrein. Frank McLynn (1996) has alleged that Jung was a notorious womanizer who frequently had affairs with his patients and former patients. He claimed that Jungs mother complex caused him to harbor animosity toward his wife while destining him to a life of promiscuity. McLynn, who is extremely antagonistic toward Jung, may have exaggerated Jungs promiscuity, but little doubt exists that Jung had several extramarital affairs. In a letter to Freud dated January 30, 1910, Jung wrote: The prerequisite for a good marriage, it seems to me, is the license to be unfaithful (McGuire, 1974, p. 289). Spielrein had begun her association with Jung as his patient, but the relationship soon turned into a sexual one. In spite of this sexual relationship, Jung continued to analyze Spielrein and eventually conducted a training analysis that enabled her to become a psychoanalyst. John Kerr (1993) has argued effectively that the feminine voice that spoke to Jung in the form of his anima was that of Spielrein. In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung (1961) wrote that he recognized the voice as that of a patient, a talented psychopath who had a strong transference to me (p. 185). If Spielrein had a strong transference to Jung, then he reciprocated with a strong countertransference to her. Spielrein may have been the first female patient that Jung took as a lover, but she was not the last. The most visible of all Jungs affairs was with Antonia (Toni) Wolff, a dark-eyed beauty who first met Jung in 1910 when she was 22 years old. Like Sabina Spielrein, Wolff began her association with Jung as a patient, became his lover, received a training analysis, and became an analyst. When Jung descended into the depths of his unconscious after his break with Freud, it was Toni Wolff, not Emma Jung, who helped him retain his sanity and eventually emerge from that dangerous journey. Jung became so deeply dependent on Wolff that he pressured his wife to allow him to openly carry on his affair with Toni. Emma reluctantly and unhappily agreed. McLynn paints a picture of Emma, Carl, and Toni in a menage à   trois, but such was not the case. Alan Elmss (1994) description of this relationship is probably more accurate. According to Elms, Jung spent Wednesday evenings with Toni, and Toni cane to the Jung household for Sunday dinner with Carl, Emma, and the children, who were no more pleased than their mother over this arrangement. Jung and Wolff continued their affair for at least 2 decades and made no attempt to hide the relationship. Nevertheless, the name Toni Wolff does not appear in Jungs autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Elms discovered that Jung had written a whole chapter on Toni Wolff, a chapter that was never published. The absence of Tonis name in Jungs autobiography is probably due to the hatred of Jungs children for Wolff. They remembered when she had carried on openly with their father, and they harbored some lifelong resentment toward her. As adults with some veto power over what appeared in their fathers posthumously published autobiography, they were not in a generous mood to perpetuate knowledge of the affair. By age 60, Toni Wolff had developed arthritis and had lost most of her physical attractiveness. Three years later, she died, no longer Jungs friend or companion. Jung did not attend the funeral of the woman who served him as a second wife and rescued him from a severe midlife crisis. One final, rather unsavory note on Jungs relationships with women is his claim that Freud had had an affair with his own sister-in-law Minna Bernays. In 1957, Jung told John Billinsky, an American psychologist, that at the first meeting between Jung and Freud in Vienna in 1907, Minna Bernays pulled Jung aside and confessed that she was having an affair with Freud. According to Billinsky (1969), Jung told him: Soon I met Freuds wifes younger sister. She was very good-looking and she not only knew enough about psychoanalysis but also about everything that Freud was doing. When, a few days later, I was visiting Freuds laboratory, Freuds sister-in-law asked if she could talk with me. She was very much bothered by her relationship with Freud and felt guilty about it. From her I learned that Freud was in love with her and that their relationship was indeed very intimate. It was a shocking discovery to me, and even now I can recall the agony I felt at the time. (p. 42) Since Billinskys article appeared, scholars have debated the validity of Jungs claims. Other than Jungs story, little evidence exists that Freud was romantically linked to Minna Bernays-or any woman other than his wife. Although Jungs mind remained clear until his death in 1961, his memory of Minnas confession was 50 years old. Also, Jung described Minna as very good-looking. Beauty, of course, is subjective, but few people would view photographs of Minna Bernays and pronounce her as very good-looking. At almost all stages of her life, she was quite plain-looking and not nearly as pretty as her sister Martha Bernays Freud. In addition, it does not seem likely that Minna Bernays, having known Jung for only a very short period of time, would have called him aside and confessed having an affair with Freud. Perhaps Jungs claim that Freud had a sexual relationship with Minna tells us more about Carl Jung than it does about either Sigmund Freud or Minna Bernays. Professional Accomplishments In 1957, Jung wrote The Undiscovered Self (1957), which took on a nostalgic tone in reflection of his previous works and theories. In this relatively short book, Jung considers mans position in relation to the state, church, himself and the meanings of each of those relations. Backed with little to no noted empirical evidence, Jung wrote eloquently about philosophical matters in psychological terms. This work was a typical example of how Jung tended to relate all matters to a handful of topics, such as religion, state, and so on. One of Jungs more creative works was On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry (1978). He started this piece by noting the difference between the simple creation of art and its essence. Anyone can simply put ink on paper or canvas, but an artist is inspired. Again, he related art to religion as they were both psychic phenomena and occur on different levels within different people. Art came from two main places, the individual creating the art with all of his or her expectation, intentions, faults, etc, and what he called the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious was like a living entity which used man as a medium to create. It was also explained as a river of timeless thoughts common to all people. The collective unconscious helped regulate cultures and helped inspire individuals. Inspired art can trigger a certain understanding between people across cultures, time, gender and age. There may be something common, that everyone can relate to. According to Jung, th is was the essence of art. In his autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections, which was published after his death, Jung wrote about his near-death experience. He recalled seeing the earth from outer space, noting each main body of land and ocean. He then came across a Hindu sitting and waiting for him in front of a temple he had seen in his life. The entire body of his works could be remembered so that he could view his accomplishments. He had feelings of being care-free and peaceful. Jung described the feeling as a middle of something without a beginning or end. The answers, it seemed, would be found in the temple. But before he could enter, his attention was shifted to the doctors bringing him back to life. That was the end of his vision. Jung Love: Sabina Spielrein, a forgotten pioneer of psychoanalysis Sabina Spielrein was an 18yr old who was brought in as a patient of Jung. Just before his association with Freud. Hospital records show that Sabina laughs and cries in a strangely mixed, compulsive manner. Masses of tics; she rotates her head jerkily, sticks out her tongue, twitches her legsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Cannot stand people or noise. The notes are written by a newly qualified Dr Jung. He diagnosed her hysteric. Jung was enthusiastic to take on this case as it would help him discover the mysteries of the brain and the unconscious which affected the conscious mind and altered human behavior. Jung decided to try out a new technique on her, one hed read about in a book by Sigmund Freud. This was psychoanalysis, and the technique was the talking technique. Jung was principally keen on the word-association experiment: a series of random words were fired at the patient, who had to respond with the first thing that came to mind. Jung noticed that mentions of the girls father provoked grimaces and gestures of abhorrence. Gradually Jung discovered that Sabinas , has the odd habit of buying everything she sees. She then has to borrow from relatives and there is constant anxiety that the father might find out about this. Also that her mother competed with her adolescent daughter for the attentions of various men. Spielreins father, meanwhile insults and tyrannises the family, frequently going wild and threatening suicide. Spielrein is always afraid that he will kill himself. Moreover, he frequently beat Sabina on her bare buttocks in a special room away from the family. Sabina, the eldest of five terrorized children (the youngest died of typhoid aged six), eventually confessed to Jung that she felt sexual excitement when her father beat her. Jung also came across a fact that Spielreins mother had raised Sabina in complete sexual ignorance, which explains her confused reaction to these oddly intimate episodes with her father. Either way, she came to conflate suffering both physical and emotional with love. Jung achieved success with Spielrein within the first year with his new technique. Sabina was cured to such an extent that Sabina started living independently in Zurich and studying medicine at the university. Jung later claimed (in a letter to Freud, with whom hed started corresponding during Spielreins treatment) that he maintained contact with her only because he feared a relapse. But Sabina did not feel so in 1906 she wrote to him I love you too much,. A year later Jung rather lewdly told Freud, she admits that her greatest wish is to have a child by me. For that purpose I would naturally have to let the bird out first. Its clear from Jungs letters that they had an intimate relation and they were meeting every few days, in her flat so you are less inhibited or taking boat rides so we can be alone. In 1908, when she went to Russia for the summer, Jung wrote, I realise how much more attached I am to you than I ever thought. The intense relation was carried on for five years. Once Spielreins mother received an anonymous letter (probably from Jungs wife), which provoked her to write to Jung asking him not to ruin the girl he had saved. His reply is remarkably coldhearted: You do understand that a man and a girl cannot possibly continue indefinitely to have friendly dealings with one another without the likelihood that something more may enter the relationship. Until then, Jung and Spielreins meetings had been social. If she wanted him to remain strictly professional, he suggested, she should resume paying him : My fee is 10 francs per consultation. The rumour was widespread enough to reach Freud in Vienna. Jung, terrified for his reputation, wrote to him that a woman patient had kicked up a vile scandal. He went on to say that he offered her friendship only to realise she was of course systematically planning my seduction. He admitted, however that, during the whole business Grosss notions [he was referring to Otto Gross, an

DBQ Pre AP World History Revised

However, there are multiple problems that arose, and they include social conflicts and agreements (Documents 1, 4, and 6), religious issues (Documents 5, 7, 8 and 9), and culture (Documents 2, 3 and 10). Part of the reasons for trouble involve social conflicts and disagreements, and the document was written for, or to explain about these problems (Documents 1, 4, and 6). For example, some people still believed in high and low castes. In Document 4, for example, someone from a low caste joined a high caste team. There were people that still believed that the caste system was an active part of society.Some people did not believe that this was right. Some people did not believe in people from different social classes being on the same cricket team. They may have thought that the lower castes were not as capable as the upper classes were. However, there were some people who may have thought that your place in society had nothing to do with your ability to play a sport, and should be in s ocial and educational life as well. Also, Document 1, we see social disagreements between different countries, because of the issues about the polo playing people damaging the field of the Indian cricketers.This shows that issues are taken to international levels if deed be. And once again in Document 6, there is noticeable anger between this Indian writer and the English. He is expressing that he feels offended by the ridicule that they (the team) are facing from the English. Another factor these documents could be expressing would be religious conflicts (Documents 5, 7, 8, and 9). In Document 8, Quadrangular cricket was a cricket tournament held in Bombay. The teams were divided up religiously, and because there were 4 teams, it was called quadrangular cricket.Some people thought that it was wrong for people to be playing religiously because hat was also a root of political tension. Document 8 expresses that, â€Å"l can understand Matches between colleges, and Institutions, but I have never understood the reason for having†¦ Religiously based teams. † This just shows that people have their opinions, and that they have good reason for it. However, the fact that people still went ahead with the tournament also shows that there were those who felt that it was still alright to have religiously based teams.Document 7 is clearly presenting the idea that religious competition is simply wrong. They say that Quadrangular Cricket has simply generated into religious rivalry. Document 5 is explaining about the competitions between the Europeans, Hindus, Muslims, and Paris (or the Indian Zoroastrian). They are talking about the Quadrangular tournament, and that the religious competition was â€Å"no less remarkable and I hope our Hindu brethren as sportsmen would be no less pleased but also rejoice at the Muslims winning the championship. And, this document shows that some people believe that the Quadrangular tournament was wrong, as it was in Document 8, o r that people take it the way that Document 7 did, and see that here was no need to get too upset about it, and that it was all just fair competition. And finally, Document 9 is expressing that when one country loses, sure the winning side can celebrate for their own victory, but still, they should feel bad for the country that lost, and not just enjoy themselves without thinking about the sorrow of the losing side.Some of the documents also explain cultural aspects and point of views of cricket (Documents 2, 3, and 10). For example, in the picture and text caption on Document 2, we see an Indian cricketer. This shows that people of efferent nationalities could enjoy the same Sport, and it could be done without any fighting or arguments. In Document 3, it explains how cricket unites people from different parts of the world, both rulers and the ruled. And, in document 10, we see how the idea of sharing a culture through the sport of cricket is expressed.The document also says that in countries like England, there are multiple sports, and that is simply not the case with India and Pakistan, because in those countries, there is one sport: cricket, and that is just one example of how â€Å"We hare culture, we share a history, and we share o much. † Each document has its own point of view, with some similarities and differences between each one. In Document 1, the point of view is from the Indian cricket players. This document was produced in 1 881, and the audience was the governor of the province of Bombay, India.This was a petition, or a letter to someone who was of authority. The message that this petition was trying to convey was that these cricket players were unhappy with the fact that a few English gentlemen were allowed to run their horses and play polo, on the only available cricket field, while over 500 native youths ere not permitted to use the grounds while the few gentlemen were playing polo. The reason for this feeling of anger was that the po lo players were ruining the cricket grounds, and that made the grounds unusable.Also, it seems that this petition is trying to appeal to the governor so that they can get what they want. This document seems to be heavily biased, based on the way that the writers were trying so hard to get the polo players off their grounds, and to show their frustration with the unfairness that was being permitted by England. In the second document, it seems that the point of view is neutral. There seems to be no bias, and there is a picture in the document, which is used as a visual aid. Overall, the document seems to portray a clear representation of a cricket player, and it seems to be for a report of some sort.In the third document, the point of view is a book excerpt. It seems that the excerpt is showing how Britain colonizes a country, and then seeks to unite the ruled with the rulers by playing cricket. It seems fair to say that the excerpt is expressing an idea about the â€Å"civilizedâ₠¬  way that Britain colonizes other lands. By introducing the game of cricket, it provides moral training and education that is valuable to the ordinary native, and much more efficient than traditional â€Å"book' (formal) education. The fourth document is from an Indian newspaper.This document as a whole is representing someone trying to show what can be accomplished by certain people. In the document, we read about how someone from a low caste was admitted to a team made up of higher caste people. The writer of this document is trying to express that just because people come from different social classes does not mean that they cannot accomplish the same things as each other, as long as they apply themselves. There are people who would agree with that Statement. However, there is some personal bias. The writer of this document may have been written by someone that believed in equality.This is particularly due to the fact that the document is trying to explain that ‘The cha mpion bowler of the Hindus is a leather worker. † Skip ahead, and it says that, â€Å"The upper-caste Hindus of an Indian cricket club found that although he was low-caste, his inclusion in the Hindu team would improve matters considerably with his pluck and spirit. They admitted him as their member. This is trying to push the fact that this person, while low caste, was able to get involved with higher caste people. The fifth document is one about a cricket team that lost. There is a lot of personal bias in this one.Based on the context of the document, it seems that the people that wrote the document were unhappy about what happened in this particular game. The document is expressing personal comments, which is fine. However, if one was to look for documents about the Quadrangular Tournament, they should approach this one with caution because of the religious bias that this document clearly has. There is something interesting about the sixth document. This document is an exc erpt from a monthly magazine article. However, the writer of this article is a supporter of the Nature XSL cricket club.This means that there is a bit of personal bias in this document. The point of view is unique because it tells how the English always consider them â€Å"effete† or â€Å"ineffective† and on the cricket field they were able to prove themselves otherwise. Document 7 is from an editorial in the sports journal Indian Cricket, showing personal bias, and it is very noticeable. These people are trying to explain that â€Å"Those happy days [Of cricket] are now gone, thanks to those self-seeking leaders who want to gain their ends by stirring up religious fanaticism. They are upset with Quadrangular Cricket, and they felt as though it did not have any benefit on the game, and rather endangered the healthy rivalry cricket. The bias here does have a lot of impact on the interpretation of the document because it adds a strong personal opinion about why this pe rson felt the way that they did. The point of view is interesting based on the source because it is an editorial. In an editorial, the writer is writing their personal opinion. Therefore, it is understandable as to why there is bias in this document.The eighth document was from, at the time very popular, Gandhi. Many people knew of this man, and he is still known very well today. He is expressing his opinion about the religiously based teams in cricket. He says that it is alright for â€Å"colleges and institutions†, but he said that he never saw why different religions would be competing each other, and he saw it as â€Å"taboo† in sporting language and sporting manners. He clearly does not agree tit the religious divisions of the teams. This is true personal bias. However, the point of view is intriguing because of the fact that Gandhi has a point.He is making it clear about what the problem is with the tournament, and presents a good reason as to why he disagrees wi th this type of competition. Document 9 is a short, quick document. It was a short excerpt from the newspaper Muslim India. However, this short quote is very important as another example of bias, but not entirely personal. This bias is personal, and cultural bias. It said that when his country is defeated, other people celebrate. He thinks that they should be feeling sorrow for his country, rather than rejoicing their own victory.The point view should be taken into account because it is coming from someone who as passion for something in this case their country), and when they lose, they are very upset over it, and then the bias comes. However, in the end, it is someone's own writing in a newspaper, and the opinion can be justified based on the context of the document. The tenth document is explaining what cultural impact cricket has. This was written by the Pakistan Cricket Board chairman. He is explaining why cricket is o important in India and Pakistan. He explains that cricket i s not just one of several sports like England has.In India and Pakistan, cricket is the one sport. He is trying to express to people that cricket is a fundamental part of Indian and Pakistani culture. And, the fact that he is pushing aside political issues, just to express the importance of cricket in these two countries' societies, expresses the importance of this sport, and why he is trying so hard to explain that. Because there were so many points of view, there felt the need to see one more, and that would have been the necessary additional comment, and that would have been one more point of view about why the Quadrangular Tournament was wrong.

Understanding Diagnostic Essay

Understanding Diagnostic Essay It is critical to make the appropriate preparations for the commencement of your work. Though homeopathic medicine can help alleviate some health issues, it may also be harmful and potentially dangerous to a person's health. Studies that compare at least two strategies that incorporate diagnostic tests together with therapeutic interventions ought to be approached differently. What Everybody Dislikes About Diagnostic Essay and Why Each coursework has a particular period to compose my paper. All 3 regions of the essay together with the thesis statementneeds to discuss in the ending of the diagnostic essay. Without further ado, here is a good example of diagnostic essay, written as a response to the subject of the importance of education. Next, you've got to rephrase the thesis statement and complete the essay with a sentence that encourages the reader to find out more about your topic. In the debut of your essay, you need to include your thesis statement. An excellent thesis statement has to be able, to demonstrate your reader what he will come across next, the intention behind the essay and build curiosity. If you don't plan your essay, you are certain to fail. Before you start your essay, explain your goal. To attain effectiveness, your essay needs to have an excellent transitional flow. You need to know how to begin a diagnostic essay. The Pain of Diagnostic Essay Students are anticipated to time themselves and utilize proper prewriting skills. To decide on a college major, they should enroll in a variety of courses and speak with people who work in their potential fields of study. Sometimes, they don't know how to start writing. Most students make the error of writing an excessive amount of knowledge and insufficient evaluation (which is the tricky bit). Diagnostic Essay Options If your goal is to educate, deciding on a topic you studied will be appropriate. When you've read the prompt and answered the question, examine your answer and write down three explanations for why you believe your answer is accurate. The only thing you ought to take into account is that a topic o ught to be well familiar to you. The necessity of empathy during the procedure for determining and administering justice functions as the foundation of a completely free society. The Unexpected Truth About Diagnostic Essay As a way to compose a great diagnostic paper, you want to comprehend the question by setting aside a while to plan your ideas and determine how you'll write an effective essay. Quite simply, you should comprehend the fundamental concepts of the theme well enough to be able to cover a topic at length. If your topic came in the shape of a prompt, then you ought to just make sure you have answered it. Choosing the place was difficult. Diagnostic Essay and Diagnostic Essay - The Perfect Combination The third part of your essay should start out with a review of the arguments presented in the principal body and ought to be carried out in a way that their connection to your principal idea doesn't raise any doubts. Every portion of the essay should address an ind ividual argument and its development. So be certain you edit your essay by going through each line. Pay attention an outline for a diagnostic essay should incorporate an introduction, topic sentences from the most important body, and a conclusion. Conclusion Here, you begin by summarizing the arguments within the body clearly and concisely. The conclusion needs to be brief. If you're likely to write decent thesis statements, you will need to understand what makes one good. Last sentence of the conclusion is sort of an appeal to the reader to discover more about the subject.

Childrens Socio-Emotional Development Promoting School...

CHILDREN’S SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTING SCHOOL READINESS THROUGH THE PRE-SCHOOL Abstract One of the objectives of preschool education in Nigeria as stated in the National Policy on Education is smooth transition from home to school, that is, school readiness. This involves socio-emotional development in addition to cognitive development. Children whose socio-emotional development is hampered have been reported to be disadvantaged educationally right from elementary school to the later years in career. This paper therefore examined the role of the preschool in making children ready for school through the promotion of their socio-emotional development. Recommendations are also made to policy makers as well as classroom†¦show more content†¦Children who make friends do better in school and enjoy it more (Abell amp; Azria, 2008). Boyd et al (2005) stated that social and emotional development involves the ability to: †¢ identify and understand one’s own feelings, †¢ accurately read and comprehend emotional states in others, †¢ manage strong emotions and their expression in a constructive manner, †¢ regulate one’s own behavior, †¢ develop empathy for others, and †¢ establish and sustain relationships. These skills help promote a range of positive behaviors, beginning before children enter kindergarten and extending into adult life. Expectedly, when social and emotional development is hampered, the result can be problems in school and later life. Teachers find it harder to teach children with social and emotional problems, seeing them as less socially and academically competent and their peers reject them. Such children tend to dislike school and learning, which leads to lower school attendance and poorer outcomes (Raver, 2002; Tremblay et al, 1994). Since difficult behavior starts early, the preschool years are the appropriate period to help children eliminate bad behavioral tendencies. The role of the pre-school According to Boyd et al (2005), preschool programs that maintain high standards of quality provide children with skills that will assist them in their social and academic adjustment to elementary